Pittsburgh Hill District Bibliography

Allegheny County Division of Computer Services Geographic Information Systems Group. Allegheny County Imagery. 2010, https://maps.psiee.psu.edu/ImageryNavigator Remote sensing image. 

Baldwin, Leland DeWitt. Pittsburgh, the Story of a City. U of Pittsburgh P, 1938. 

Burch, Katie. “Frankie Mae Pace.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2022, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/pace_frankie. 

Facing History and Ourselves. Addressing Racist and Dehumanizing Language. 13 Sept. 2021, https://www.facinghistory.org/en-gb/resource-library/addressing-racist-dehumanising-language. 

“Frankie Pace Park (I-570 CAP Urban Connector Project).” Pittsburgh Sports and Exhibition Authority, 2019, https://www.pgh-sea.com/index.php?path=i5-ucp. 

Glasco, Laurence. “Double Burden: The Black Experience in Pittsburgh.” City at the Point: Essays on the Social History of Pittsburgh, edited by Hays, Samuel P., U of Pittsburgh P, 1989, pp. 69–109. 

“Gov. Wolf Celebrates Infrastructure Investments at Ribbon Cutting for I-579 CAP Park.” Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 22 Nov. 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20220628154743/https://www.governor.pa.gov/newsroom/gov-wolf-celebrates-infrastructure-investments-at-ribbon-cutting-for-i-579-cap-park/. 

Grantmyre, Laura. “Selling Pittsburgh as America’s Renaissance City.” Journal of Urban History, vol. 41, no. 1, Jan. 2015, pp. 5–13, https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144214551728. 

Highsmith, Carol M. Aerial View of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with a Focus on Downtown and the Duquesne University Campus Area. 28 June 2019, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2019690881/. Photograph. 

King, Erica L. Approximate Area of the Greater Pittsburgh Hill District, Including Terrace Village. Feature Layer. ESRI, 14 Apr. 2022. 

Pittsburgh (Pa.) City Photographer. Hill District Street Scene. 29 July 1935, Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2000. University of Pittsburgh, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.3525664.CP. Still image. 

Rothstein, Arthur. Houses on “The Hill” Slum Section, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. July 1938, Prints and Photographs. Library of Congress, http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/fsa.8a09986. Digital file from original neg. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Stabilization Conservation Service. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 5-17-39. Aerial photograph. Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access, 17 May 1939, https://maps.psiee.psu.edu/ImageryNavigator. APS 7-77. 

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Project Profile: I-579 “Cap” Urban Connector Project: Bridging a Critical Gap to Revitalize the Hill District, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 2019, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/project_profiles/pa_i579_cap_urban_connector_project.aspx. 

Bodnar, John, et al. Lives of Their Own: Blacks, Italians, and Poles in Pittsburgh. U of Illinois P, 1900. 

Burch, Katie. “Frankie Mae Pace.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2022, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/pace_frankie. 

Harris, Charles “Teenie.” “Billboard Inscribed ’Attention: City Hall and U.R.A. No Redevelopment Beyond This Point!” 1969, https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/48e8a97d-8992-45ed-a473-e12e16c83d2c.

Pennsylvania General Assembly. The County Code. P.L. 323, No. 130, Statues of Pennsylvania, 9 Aug. 1955, https://www.palegis.us/statutes/unconsolidated/law-information/view-statute?SESSYR=1955&SESSIND=0&ACTNUM=130&SMTHLWIND=&CHPT=24A&SCTN=&SUBSCTN=. 

———. Urban Redevelopment Law. Act. P.L. 991, No. 385, Statues of Pennsylvania, 24 May 1945, https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/Legis/LI/uconsCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&yr=1945&sessInd=0&smthLwInd=0&act=0385. 

“Primary Source Set: The Great Migration.” Classroom Materials, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/great-migration. 

Richardson, Charles B. Looking Downtown. 1953, Charles Richardson Photographs. University of Pittsburgh, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A201310.1953.41.CR. Still image. 

Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh (Pa.). Downtown and Hill District Aerial Photograph. ca. 1953, Melvin Seidenberg Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A20191021-hpichswp-0094. Still image. 

Apone, Carl. “Happy Birthday, CLO.” The Pittsburgh Press, 27 June 1965, p. 4. Sunday ROTO. 

———. “Sound System Not Adequate in Civic Arena: Authority Works On Problem; CLO Choice Of Shows Is Hit.” The Pittsburgh Press, 28 Aug. 1964, p. 10. 

“Arena to Replace Worn Out Homes In Third Ward: Less Residents Per Acre in Poorer Districts Is One Goal in Razing Lower Hill to Build Amphitheatre.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 16 Jan. 1954, p. A9. 

Balliet, Rachel. “Guide to the Edgar J. Kaufmann Charitable Foundation Photographs, 1943-1967.” Heinz History Center. U of Pittsburgh Library System, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AUS-QQS-msp154. 

“County Leaders Support Renaissance Extension: Commissioners, Mellon in Accord On Need for Civic, Official Efforts.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 26 Mar. 1960, p. 1. 

Diamant, Rolf. “Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.” National Park Service: The First 75 Years, 13 June 2015, https://npshistory.com/publications/sontag/olmsted.htm. 

Evans, George E. “Here Is a Postwar Job for Pittsburgh... Transforming the Hill District.” Chamber of Commerce of Pittsburgh, Aug. 1943. Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, https://web.archive.org/web/20150910130313/https:/carnegielibrary.org/exhibit/neighborhoods/hill/hill_n41.html. 

Geo. Wharton Pepper & Howard Heinz, 9/17/23. 17 Sept. 1923, Library of Congress, National Photo Company Collection, https://www.loc.gov/item/2016835750. Glass negative. 

Grantmyre, Laura Scott. Conflicting Visual Representations of Redevelopment in Pittsburgh’s Hill District, 1943-1968. 2013. University of Pittsburgh, PhD dissertation. 

Gutmann, Martin. “Architectural Brilliance: Falling Water.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/architectural-brilliance-falling-water. 

“Kaufmann’s $1,000,000 to Support Auditorium.” The Pittsburgh Press, 8 Feb. 1953, p. 2. 

Lorant, Stefan. Pittsburgh: The Story of an American City, Doubleday, 1964, pp. 432–33. 

Macken, Shannon. “H. J. Heinz.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Summer 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Heinz__Henry_John. 

Moses, Robert. Arterial Plan for Pittsburgh: Prepared for the Pittsburgh Regional Planning Association. 1939. HathiTrust, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003086728. 

Mr_t_77. Pittsburgh Civic Arena. 12 Mar. 2008. Flickr, https://flickr.com/photos/mrt77/2343428739. Photograph. 

Olmsted, Frederick Law. Pittsburgh Main Thoroughfares and the Down Town District: Improvements Necessary to Meet the City’s Present and Future Needs. Dec. 1910. Project Gutenberg, https://gutenberg.org/files/49972/49972-h/49972-h.htm.

Reese, Matthew. “The Igloo’s Meltdown.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Summer 2008, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/igloos-meltdown. 

Robin, John P. “Urban Redevelopment Proves a Miracle of Faith.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, vol. 26, no. 285, 30 June 1953, p. 20. 

Stieglitz, C.M. Sponsor of Battery Bridge / World Telegram & Sun. 1939. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2006675178. Photograph. 

Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh (Pa.). Aerial Photograph the Civic Arena and Surrounding Neighborhoods. ca 1961, Melvin Seidenberg Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A20191021-hpichswp-0095. Still image. 

Wardle, Lisa. “Then vs. Now: See How Pittsburgh Has Changed since the 1920s.” Penn Live/Patriot -News, 23 Apr. 2017, https://www.pennlive.com/life/2017/04/aerial_pittsburgh_1920s_2017.html 

“What’s Wrong With the Civic Arena?” The Pittsburgh Press, 20 Sept. 1963, p. 26. 

“Bethel AME Oldest AME Church West of the Allegheny Mountains.” New Pittsburgh Courier, 9 May 1987, p. 7. 

“Bethel AME to Celebrate 103rd Anniversary: Organized in 1827; On Present Site Since Early in 1850.” Pittsburgh Courier, 31 Jan. 1953, p. 6. 

“Billy Graham at AME Meet.” Pittsburgh Courier, 11 Oct. 1952, p. 6. 

“Central Business District. Plate 9A.” Real Estate Plat-Book of the City of Pittsburgh: From Official Records, Private Plans and Actual Surveys, vol. 1, G.M. Hopkins and Co., 1923. University of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A23v0109a. 

Changing the Face of Medicine: Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson. 3 June 2015, https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_172.html. 

Dickerson, Dennis C. “The Black Church in Industrializing Western Pennsylvania, 1870-1950.” Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, Oct. 1981, pp. 329–44. 

“Dr. Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson.” Changing the Face of Medicine, 3 June 2015, https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_172.html. 

Gardner, Eric. “Black Print Unbound: The “Christian Recorder.” African American Literature and Periodical Culture, Oxford UP, 2015. 

Gates, Henry Louis, and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, editors. “Tanner, Benjamin Tucker.” The African American National Biography, vol. 7, Oxford UP, 2008, p. 484. 

Gates, Henry Louis, and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, editors. “Tanner, Henry Ossawa.” The African American National Biography, vol. 7, Oxford UP, 2008, pp. 485–86. 

Harris, Charles “Teenie.” Demolition of Bethel AME Church, Wylie Avenue and Elm Street, Lower Hill District. 24 July 1957, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/ec22337b-f4924d83-a0f8-44775c64efc8. Black-and-white: Kodak safety film. 

“Henry Ossawa Tanner.” National Gallery of Art, https://www.nga.gov/artists/1919-henry-ossawa-tanner. 

LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance, University of Illinois Press, 2014, p. 7982, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctt3fh4h4.

“Mayor Hears Protests: Goode, Hughey, McCoy ‘Pour It On’; Lawrence Amazed by Mass Action.” Pittsburgh Courier, 10 Apr. 1954, pp. 1, 8. 

McCullough, Ashley. “Richard Allen.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2005, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/allen__richard.

“'Mother Bethel’ to Rebuild on New Site: 138-Year Pioneer Church to Move for Redevelopers.” Pittsburgh Courier, 17 Mar. 1956, pp. 1, 12. 

“Pittsburgh Conference Reports Over $21,000.” Pittsburgh Courier, 11 Oct. 1952, p. 7. 

“‘Police Brutality’ Meeting.” Pittsburgh Courier, 10 Apr. 1954, p. 21. 

Rice, Willa Mae. “Beautiful Bethel AME Church; Beacon of Salvation 168 Years.” New Pittsburgh Courier, 14 Feb. 1976, p. 37. 

Tanner, Henry Ossawa. “National Gallery of Art.” www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1919.html. 

Whitaker, Mark. Smoketown: The Untold Story of the Other Great Black Renaissance. Simon and Schuster, 2018. 

“3 Big Numbers Pools Stricken by Record Hit.” The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 6 Aug. 1930, p. 2. 

“Achievement Club Cites Six Noted Pittsburghers.” Pittsburgh Courier, 10 June 1950, p. 8. 

“Baltimore Turns Out For ‘Mary Dee Day.’” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 28 Sept. 1957, p. 9. 

Benson, “Little” George. She Makes Me Mad. Groove Records, June 1954. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7Oxk6ZRr_M. 45 RPM. 

“Brotherhood Awarded of the Baptist Ministers’ Conference of Philadelphia Went to WHAT, Only Local Organization Honored.” Sponsor Magazine, vol. 16, no. 26, June 1962, p. 52. 

Clark, John L. “Wylie Ave.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 12 Dec. 1953, p. 21. 

Cloonan, Patrick. “Goode Tells Family’s Story to McKeesport Audience.” TribLive, 19 Aug. 2013, https://archive.triblive.com/news/goode-tells-familys-story-to-mckeesport-audience. 

Davis, Brett. “KDKA: Broadcasting’s Pioneer Station.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2010, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/kdka-broadcastings-pioneer-station. 

Garland, Hazel. “First Female Disc Jockey Is Buried in Pittsburgh.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 28 Mar. 1964, pp. 1–2. 

———. “Things to Talk About: Former Local Girl Makes Good.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 21 Sept. 1957, p. B14. 

“George Benson, Guitarist 10, Waxes Records, Returns Home.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 1 May 1954, p. 19. 

Harris, Charles “Teenie.” Crowd Gathered on Corner and Street Outside Studio Dee, WHOD Radio Station, Herron and Centre Avenues, Hill District. 1 Aug. 1951, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/b05a2553-4c58-4cc9-b873-93d167de647a. Black-and-white: Kodak safety film. 

Hevesi, Dennis. “Malvin R. Goode, 87, Reporter Who Broke a TV Color Barrier.” New York Times, 15 Sept. 1995, p. D17. 

Johnson, Earl. “The Sports Whirl.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 12 Dec. 1953, p. 26. 

Johnson, John H., editor. “Speaking of People: Top Female Disc Jockey.” Ebony, vol. 5, no. 11, Sept. 1950, pp. 4–5. 

Klose, Jason. “George Benson.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2009, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Benson__George. 

“Long List of National Advertisers Now Buy Negro Radio. WHOD Pittsburgh’s Mary Dee Stands before Display of Competitive Products on Station.” Sponsor Magazine, vol. 8, no. 19, Sept. 1954, p. 50. 

“Mal Goode Happy Over New Position.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 13 Oct. 1956, p. A1. 

“Mal Goode, TV’s First Black Network News Reporter.” African American Registry, https://aaregistry.org/story/mal-goode-the-first-black-tv-network-reporter.

“Mary Dee Gets Divorce.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 15 Mar. 1952, pp. 1–2. 

Pittsburgh (Pa.). City Photographer. Goode Prescriptions. 15 May 1951, Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2000. University of Pittsburgh, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.5185009.CP. Still image. 

Pulse of Pittsburgh Negro Homes. “Advertisement for WHOD.” Sponsor Magazine, vol. 7, no. 17, Aug. 1953, p. 85. 

Salamon, Ed. Pittsburgh’s Golden Age of Radio. Arcadia, 2010. 

Toke, Edward. “WHOD’s Negro D.J.” Sponsor Magazine, vol. 5, no. 3, Jan. 1951, p. 98. 

“WHOD Advertisement.” Sponsor Magazine, vol. 5, no. 15, July 1951, p. 90. 

“WHOD Proud of Mary Dee Program--Walk: Leonard Walk, Explaining Dismissals, Says ‘Station WHOD Proud of Mary Dee Show.’” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 11 Aug. 1956, pp. 1–2. 

Wooton, Joe. “Advertisement for WHOD.” Sponsor Magazine, vol. 6, no. 15, July 1952, p. 77. 

Young, Damon. “Everybody Knew Teenie.” The Atlantic, Mar. 2021, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/03/charles-teenie-harris-pittsburgh/617789/. 

“August Wilson Biography and Timeline.” American Masters, 28 Jan. 2015, https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/august-wilson-the-ground-on-which-i-stand-august-wilsonbiography-and-career-timeline/3683/. 

Connelley Vocational High School. 29 Oct. 1930, Pittsburgh Public Schools Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt:MSP117.B005.F04.I15. Still image. 

Drexhage, Robbie. George Benson in Concert. Before 2018. Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_Benson.jpg. 

Effinger, Shannon J. “At 77, He’s ‘Still Trying to Get It Together’: George Benson, Who Has a New Live Album, Talks about Musicians Who Shaped Him.” New York Times, 17 Nov. 2020, p. C3. 

———. “How George Benson Turned an Early ‘No’ Into a Career of ‘Yes.’” The New York Times, 12 Nov. 2020. Arts. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/arts/music/george-benson.html. 

George Benson in a Publicity Photo circa 1963. 22 Oct. 2020, https://www.jazziz.com/george-benson-to-release-first-live-album-in-30-…. Accessed version no longer available online.

Gormley, Ken. “George Benson’s Roots in City Run Deep.” The Pittsburgh Press, 2 Aug. 1985, p. C1. 

Harris, Charles “Teenie.” Intersection of Fullerton Street and Webster Avenue with Barber Shop on Right and Connelley Trade School in Background. ca 1930, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/a306c4a0-d0e9-4efc-9371-6e9a7a26f1b0. Black-and-white: Agfa safety film. 

“History.” Energy Innovation Center Pittsburgh, 4 Feb. 2016, https://www.eicpittsburgh.org/about/history. 

Kienzle, Rich. “Guitar Hero on the Hill- George Benson Pens and Illuminating Autobiography Rich in Pittsburgh History and Music.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 28 Sept. 2014, p. D5. 

King, Erica L. Connelley Vocational High School, Pittsburgh. 24 Nov. 2021. Photograph. 

Kirkland, Kevin. “George Benson Sings, Swings on a Star.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 3 Mar. 2016, https://www.post-gazette.com/life/Distinction/2016/03/03/George-Benson-jazz-legend-pop-vocalist-sings-swings-on-a-star-Pittsburgh-Hill-District-music/stories/201603030019. 

Klose, Jason. “George Benson.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2009, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Benson__George.

Lear, Bernadette A. “August Wilson.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2025, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Wilson__August. 

McConnell, Amy. “For 70 Years, Connelley School Did ‘A’ Work.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 22 Mar. 2004, p. A1. 

Myers, Marc. “George Benson Started Out on a $16 Acoustic Guitar: The Singer-Artist Was Performing on a Pittsburgh Street Corner When He Was First Discovered.” The Wall Street Journal, 10 Nov. 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/george-benson-started-out-on-a-16-acoustic-guitar-11605025216. 

Official Website of George Benson. 2023, https://www.georgebenson.com. 

“Schools Open Tomorrow in City, County... New Connelley Trade School on Hill to Feature Resumption of Activities.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 1 Sept. 1930, p. 7. 

All-American News. Newsreel. 1945. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2018600172/. 

“An Unseen Chapter in the Story of American Jazz: Black and White Pictures Capture the Rise and Fall of the Legendary Music Hangout.” Daily Mail, 29 Apr. 2012, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2137151/Black-white-images-capture-rise-fall-great-American-jazz-bar-The-Crawford-Grill.html. 

“Baseball’s ‘Numbers’ Connection.” Sacramento Observer, 23 Aug. 1995, p. 19. 

Bare Barmen’s Union Bias. “Grill Owner Hits Segregated Policy Bartenders Work without Union Representation; Oppose Jim Crow Set-Up of AFL Affiliate.”  Pittsburgh Courier, 1 Sept. 1945, p. 1. 

“Big Names Flock to Grill No. One.” Pittsburgh Courier, 23 Sept. 1950, p. 14. 

Carelli, Rich. “James ‘Cool Papa’ Bell.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Bell__James_Cool_Papa.

“Classified Ad 4: The Crawford Grill.” Pittsburgh Courier, July 1941, p. 21. 

Corey, Joshua D. “Satchel Paige.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Paige__Leroy_Satchel. 

“Crawford Grill Historical Marker.” Explore PA History, 2023, https://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-68 

Davis, Brad. “Josh Gibson.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Gibson__Josh. 

“Gus Greenlee & Friend: Bad Break Bushel Their Talents.” The Bulletin Index, vol. 113, no. 7, Aug. 1938, p. 9. 

“Gus Greenlee: Owner of the Legendary Crawford Grill and the Pittsburgh Crawfords.” Pittsburgh Music History, https://sites.google.com/site/pittsburghmusichistory/pittsburgh-music-story/managers-and-promoters/gus-greenlee. 

“Gus Greenlee’s Crawford Grill to Open Formally Next Tuesday.” Pittsburgh Courier, 6 Jan. 1934, p. A6. 

MacDonald, Sam. “Keystone Cuisine: Crawford Grill.” Western Pennsylvania History, 2006, https://journals.psu.edu/wph/article/view/7706.

Maria, Michael Santa. “King of the Hill.” American Visions, vol. 6, no. 3, June 1991, https://www.proquest.com/publication/publications_1819764. 

McKenna, Brian. Gus Greenlee. Society for American Baseball Research, https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/gus-greenlee/. 

Naccarelli, Sean. “Let’s Learn About: Gus Greenlee.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 11 Feb. 2010, https://www.post-gazette.com/life/lifestyle/2010/02/11/Let-s-Learn-About-Gus-Greenlee/stories/201002110381. 

“Name Contest Winner.” Pittsburgh Courier, 21 Sept. 1929, p. 7. 

Pittler, Alexander Zerful. The Hill District: A Study in Succession. 1930. 

Riley, James A. The Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues. Caroll and Graff, 1994. 

“Scores of Suggestions Make Nameless Cafe Contest Thrilling: One Week Left Hi Send in Best Name and Win Fifty Dollars.” Pittsburgh Courier, 10 Aug. 1929, p. 7. 

Smith, Brady. “Let’s Learn from the Past: The Crawford Grill William ‘Gus’ Greenlee Pittsburgh Crawfords.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 8 June 2017, https://www.post-gazette.com/life/my-generation/2017/06/08/Let-s-Learn-from-the-Past-The-Crawford-Grill-2/stories/201706080058. 

Studio, Harrison. “Pittsburgh Crawfords baseball team" postcard.” 1932, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1932_Pittsburgh_Crawfords.jpg. 

“The New Crawford Grill Opens with the Repeal Glory in ‘New Ways and Wines’ on Xmas Eve: Gus Greenlee to Present Pittsburgh with Finest Restaurant and Drinking Palace in Western Pennsylvania.” Pittsburgh Courier, 23 Dec. 1933, p. A6. 

“Wylie Avenue Sale.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 5 Aug. 1925, p. 15. 

Lewis, Miles Marshall. “An Interview with August Wilson.” The Believer, 1 Nov. 2004, https://www.thebeliever.net/an-interview-with-august-wilson.

“An Editorial: Can the Savoy Take It?” Pittsburgh Courier, 30 Dec. 1933, p. A9.

“City Awaits Blanche Callaway’s Band May 10: Savoy Offers Ace Band at Low Prices.” Pittsburgh Courier, 5 May 1934, p. a8.

“Duke Ellington to Play Return Engagement Here.” Pittsburgh Courier, 25 May 1935, p. 23.

“Fletcher Henderson’s Band at Savoy Monday: Famed Roseland Ballroom Group Here for Night.” Pittsburgh Courier, 29 Sept. 1934, p. A9.

Guidry, Nate. “The Jazz Age in Pittsburgh.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 1940, p. G11.

Harris, Charles “Teenie.” The Ink Spots, with James G. Thompson, Doc Wheeler, and Ken Bryan on Right Holding Sheet Music for “A Yankee Doodle Tan” with Fingers Signing V for Victory, for Double V Campaign, Savoy Ballroom (Hill City Auditorium). 1942, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://collection.carnegieart.org/objects/4e8f653b-761b-465a-b930-597db797bb64. Black-and-white: Agfa safety film.

“Latest in a Long Line of Successful Jazz Concerts.” The Bulletin Index, vol. 37, Jan. 1947, The Bulletin Index, p. 14.

“Pittsburgh To Get Fine New Dancing Palace: Savoy Ballroom to Be Last Word in Dance Halls.” Pittsburgh Courier, 9 Dec. 1933, p. A6.

“Representing Almost a Half Million.” Pittsburgh Courier, Jan. 1934, p. 16.

“Savoy Plans Another Popular Midnight Dance.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 24 Feb. 1934, p. A9.

“Sissle to Bring Great Artists Here.” TPittsburgh Courier, Dec, p. A6.

“Skating Is New Vogue as the Savoy Rink.” Pittsburgh Courier, 21 Sept. 1935, p. 6.

Sobek, Ismael. “‘A Place in a Class by Itself’ - A Concise History of the Elmore Theatre, Savoy Ballroom, and Olivet Baptist Church.” Medium, 18 Feb. 2016, https://medium.com/hill-side/a-concise-history-of-the-elmore-theatre-savoy-ballroom-and-olivet-baptist-church-a-place-in-a-9c46b5c7b2d8.

“The Savoy Ballroom.” The Bulletin Index, vol. 118, no. 6, Feb. 1941, The Bulletin Index, p. 14.

“Water-Cooled Air to Feature New Savoy Cooling System.” Pittsburgh Courier, 16 June 1934, p. A8.

https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/4e8f653b-761b-465a-b930-597db797bb64.

Advertisement for Crawford Grill: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2 May 1958, p. 9.

“Advertisement for Midway.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 15 July 1955, p. 9.

“Art Blakey.” Blue Note Records, https://www.bluenote.com/artist/art-blakey/.

“Art Blakey.” Encyclopædia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Art-Blakey.

“Art Blakey.” Internet Movie Database, https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0086845/bio.

“Art Blakey.” National Endowment for the Arts, https://www.arts.gov/honors/jazz/art-blakey.

“Art Blakey Jr. Is Dead, Son of Drummer, 47.” The New York Times, 19 Mar. 1988, p. 33.

Atty, Janis Jean. “Art Blakey.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2005, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Blakey__Art.

Cichon, Joseph M. “Billy Eckstine.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2007, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Eckstine__Billy.

“Eckstine Great on W. Coast.” Pittsburgh Courier, 5 Oct. 1946, p. 20.

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———. “Patty‑Jo ’n’ Ginger: Guess What.” Pittsburgh Courier, 23 Oct. 1948, p. 18.

———. “Patty‑Jo ’n’ Ginger: I Don’t Want.” Pittsburgh Courier, 8 Oct. 1955, p. 27.

———. “Patty‑Jo ’n’ Ginger: I’m Being Good.” Pittsburgh Courier, 24 Oct. 1953, p. 29.

———. “Patty‑Jo ’n’ Ginger: It’s the Man.” Pittsburgh Courier, 16 July 1955, p. 17.

———. “Patty‑Jo ’n’ Ginger: You Guessed It.” Pittsburgh Courier, 31 Mar. 1956, p. A31.

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———. “Torchy Brown in ‘Dixie to Harlem’: Business of Star Hitching!” Pittsburgh Courier, 22 Jan. 1938, p. 15.

———. “Torchy Brown in ‘Dixie to Harlem’: A Letter T’ Home!” Pittsburgh Courier, 29 Jan. 1938, p. 15.

———. “Torchy Brown in ‘Dixie to Harlem’: What’s This?” Pittsburgh Courier, 30 Apr. 1938, p. 15.

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———. “‘Owners Will Admit Players If Fans Demand Them’—Cards’ Pilot.” Pittsburgh Courier, 19 Aug. 1939, p. 16.

———. “Negro Diamond Stars Tired of Second‑Class Citizenship in South: They Are Opposed to This.” Pittsburgh Courier, 4 Feb. 1961, p. 27.

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———. “Watkins Will Sue for ‘False Arrest.’” Pittsburgh Courier, 30 Mar. 1946, p. 1.

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———. Eleanore Bennet Feeding Stamp Press at Frankford Arsenal. Jan. 1943. Farm Security Administration–Office of War Information Photograph Collection. Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/2017865794.

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Smith, Joel W. “Famed Hometead [sic.] Grays Set for Opener Against Atlanta Black Crackers Sunday.” Atlanta Daily World, 28 Mar. 1946, p. 7.

Vic Harris. 1940, Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection, John W. Mosley photographs. Temple University Libraries, https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/collection/p15037coll17/id/128. Still image.

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“Capicity [Sic] Crowd to Hear Hamilton Fish at ‘Y’: To Speak at YMCA Sunday, April 20.” Pittsburgh Courier, 5 Apr. 1941, p. 2.

“Centre Ave. ’YMCA Will Open Christmas Week.” Pittsburgh Courier, 20 Dec. 1941, p. 1.

Centre Avenue YMCA, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ca. 1920-1940, University of Minnesota Libraries, Kautz Family YMCA Archives, http://purl.umn.edu/77741. 

Centre Avenue Y.M.C.A. ca. 1922-1930, Urban League of Pittsburgh. University of Pittsburgh, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt:8111.53401.UL. Still image.

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Forsythe, William, Jr. “A. Philip Randolph to Speak at ‘Y’ Sunday.” Pittsburgh Courier, 10 Sept. 1927, p. 7.

Gannon, Joyce. “Historic YMCA Partners Up for Rehab Hill District Branch Will Transition into New Housing Facility as Part of $7 Million Renovation.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 25 Oct. 2018, p. D1.

Hill, Robert. “John Woodruff Was Pitts First Olympic Gold Medalist.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 15 June 2021, p. A13.

“Hughes Slated for Talk Here.” Pittsburgh Courier, 23 Mar. 1946, p. 3.

Johnson, Franklin P. “Big Effort Made to Aid the Young Men: The Story of the Christian Association Work.” Pittsburgh Courier, 13 Dec. 1912, p. 1.

Jones, Elizabeth. “Society.” Pittsburgh Courier, 16 Dec. 1911, p. 5.

Jones, Julia B. “New Y.M.C.A. Dedicated with Impressive Ceremonies: Dr. Mooreland Tells Aim of Organization Magnificent Structure.” Pittsburgh Courier, 6 Oct. 1923, p. 1.

Joseph A. Centre Avenue Y.M.C.A. 11 Nov. 2012. Flickr, https://www.flickr.com/photos/josepha/8500854296.

“Leaders Urge Federal Job Law: ‘Fair Employment Methods Should Be Compulsory Under the Law,’ Will Maslow, FEPC Field Director, Says in Speech at YMCA.” Pittsburgh Courier, 24 Feb. 1945, p. 1.

“Local Black Association Records. Local Promotional Materials, 1888-1939, 1942-1943, 1946.” 1946, Kautz Family YMCA Archives, Box 8, Folder 5. U of Minnesota Libraries, https://umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll353:7080.

Mjagkij, Nina. Light In The Darkness: African Americans and the YMCA, 1852-1946. UP of Kentucky, 1994. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt130jcnq. 

“New $250,000 Y.M.C.A. Building to Open in Hill District.” Pittsburgh Courier, 22 Sept. 1923, p. 1.

“Notice: To All Subscribers to the Y.M.C.A. Building Fund.” Pittsburgh Courier, 8 Apr. 1911, p. 2.

Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania Colored Men’s Branch YMCA Fundraising Campaign. U of Minnesota Libraries, 1916, https://umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll261:561.

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“Band Concerts to Be Given at Central Park.” Pittsburgh Courier, 23 June 1923, p. 2.

“Cub X Giants Re Open Central Park Saturday: Former Home of Keystones Have Been Remodeled. Big League Clubs May Be Seen in Action.” Pittsburgh Courier, 30 June 1923, p. 7.

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“Plan New Baseball Park Here.” Pittsburgh Courier, 18 July 1931, p. A4.

“‘Rags’ Roberts to Pilot Sell Hall’s Giants: Keystone Ball Park Obtained for Club—New Grandstand to Be Built.” Pittsburgh Courier, 15 Mar. 1924, p. 6.

“Right Off the Bat.” Pittsburgh Courier, 23 June 1923, p. 6.

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U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Stabilization Conservation Service. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 5-17-39, APS 7-77. Aerial photograph. 17 May 1939. Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access, https://maps.psiee.psu.edu/ImageryNavigator.

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“Ammon Center’s New Pool Open To Public.” Pittsburgh Courier, 14 June 1941, p. 5. 

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Ammon Recreation Center Exterior. 1960 1940, Dorsey-Turfley Family Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AMSP455_B002_F058_I01. 

Ammon Recreation Center-Bedford Avenue. July 1955, Allegheny Conference on Community Development Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AMSP285.B020.F15.I04. 

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“Citizens Ask Mayor Scully for Action on Hill Playgrounds.” Pittsburgh Courier, 18 Jan. 1941, p. 1. 

“City Police Instructed to ‘Protect’ Negroes Who Go to Highland Park Swimming Pool.” Pittsburgh Courier, 24 June 1933, p. 1. 

“City to Trade Land in Deal Over Housing: Council Is Ready to Trade Ammon Playground to Authority.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 23 Nov. 1938, p. 26. 

“Community Council Ask Added Relief.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 9 Jan. 1941, p. 7. 

“Death Summons Woman Patriot and Civic Leader.” The Gazette Times, 10 Sept. 1919, p. 12. 

“Deny Segregation at Highland Park Pool, but Negroes Are Beaten While Cops Look On.” Pittsburgh Courier, 8 Aug. 1931, p. 1. 

“Directors of New Community Center.” Pittsburgh Courier, 1 Feb. 1941, p. 3. 

“Grave Deficiency Noted Here in Recreational Facilities.” Pittsburgh Courier, 15 Feb. 1941, p. 12. 

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“’Highland Park Pool for Everybody’—Kline; Promises Protection: Protection Promised by Mayor Kline After Half-Hour Conference.” Pittsburgh Courier, 29 Aug. 1931, p. 1. 

“Hill Area Wins Right for Two Playgrounds.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 10 June 1940, p. 3. 

“Hill Community Council to Meet This Afternoon.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 3 Jan. 1941, p. 4. 

James, A. Dorsey with the Staff of the Ammon Recreation Center. Ca. U of Pittsburgh Library System, 1940, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AMSP455_B001_F029_I03. 

Janis Burley - Voices of History. Directed by PA Humanities, 2024. YouTube, https://youtu.be/w1Lul5Jelg4. 

“Official – Pittsburgh: No. 583.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 25 Nov. 1940, p. 17. 

“Officials Speed ‘War’ on Slums in City, County: Boundary Is Bared for Big Project in Hill Area.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 1 Oct. 1938, p. 1. 

Old Block House, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1902, The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs. New York Public Library, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47d9-a7f5-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99. Postcard. 

“Park Movies Attract 65,000: Final Program of Year Given at Five Places.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 16 Sept. 1929, p. 2. 

“Park Pool Becomes Political Issue: No Swimming, No Votes, Edict.” Pittsburgh Courier, 15 Aug. 1931, p. 2. 

“Part of the Remains of Fort Pitt, Sketched in January, 1854.” 1858, The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs. The New York Public Library Digital Collections, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47db-1829-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99. 

Pittsburgh (Pa.) City Photographer. Diving into the Pool. 1958, Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2000. U of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.58104346.CP. Still image. 

Roberts, Thomas P. “Letter to Edith Darlington Ammon.” 18 Aug. 1911, Darlington Family Papers. U of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A31735051659542. 

“Start ‘Learn to Swim’ Lessons at Pools Saturday: Learn to Swim Getting Acquainted.” Pittsburgh Courier, 15 July 1950, p. 7. 

“Terrell Law Club Goes to Council on Highland Park Case: Council Hears Pool Complaint; Relief Sought 2 Men Beaten; Treated at Hospital.” Pittsburgh Courier, 16 July 1932, p. 1. 

Thomas, Jos. “On the Pool.” Pittsburgh Courier, 30 July 1932, p. A2. 

“To Dedicate Ammon Center Monday Night.” Pittsburgh Courier, 25 Jan. 1941, p. 1. 

“What Is the City Going to Do This Year?... For Three Years Council Has Ignored Plea for Ammon Playground.” Pittsburgh Courier, 19 Apr. 1941, p. 3. 

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“16 Chosen by O’Neill Center for Playwrights Conference.” New York Times, 13 May 1982, p. C25.

1968 Pittsburgh Riots 8mm Conversion. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1968. YouTube, https://youtu.be/waBGKvbT9CU.

“August Wilson.” 60 Minutes, CBS, 2002. Alexander Street, https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cvideo_work%7C2783216.

“August Wilson.” Charlie Rose Conversations, directed by Michael Jay, with Charlie Rose, 25 Mar. 1996, https://charlierose.com/videos/12057.

August Wilson – A Personal Remembrance. With Sala Udin, 2011, uploaded by Squirrel Hill Historical Society. YouTube, https://youtu.be/45yukavp-_E.

August Wilson – “Poem for My Grandfather.” 1991, uploaded by MrBurley46 , 17 Jan 2010. YouTube, https://youtu.be/fkkBY2BSBno?si=juDhVLHkwAAqo-wb.

“August Wilson." directed by Matteo Bellinelli.” California Newsreel, 1992, Alexander Street, https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cvideo_work%7C1858412.

August Wilson House: On Sacred Ground. WQED Pittsburgh, 1 Mar. 2023. YouTube, https://youtu.be/l-4xhtoRVaI?si=J56ZHUylM1KsGh1v.

“August Wilson Interview Tapes 1-3.” Tribute, with Jill Warford, New York, 12 Mar. 1996. Vimeo, https://vimeo.com/747670223.

“August Wilson’s 10-Play Cycle: Scenes and Synopses.” American Masters, Feb. 2015. PBS, https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/august-wilson-the-ground-on-which-i-stand-scenes-and-synposes-of-august-wilsons-10-play-cycle/3701.

Bauder, Bob. “Efforts Underway to Preserve and Reuse Former Carnegie Library Building in Hazelwood.” TribLive, 29 Dec. 2019, https://triblive.com/local/pittsburgh-allegheny/efforts-underway-to-preserve-and-reuse-former-carnegie-library-in-hazelwood.

Bell, Christopher. “A Front Row Seat: Sala Udin Remembers August Wilson.” August Wilson Journal, vol. 1, Spring 2019, pp. 1–9, https://doi.org/10.5195/awj.2019.21.

Bell, Christopher B., and Ladrica Menson-Furr. “Finding Frederick ‘Fritz’ Kittel: Interview with Johannes Feest.” August Wilson Journal, Fall 2022, http://augustwilson.pitt.edu/ojs/augustwilson/article/view/78/76.

Bogumil, Mary L. “August Wilson’s Relationship to Black Theatre: Community, Aesthetics, History and Race.” The Cambridge Companion to August Wilson, edited by Christopher Bigsby, Cambridge UP, 2007, https://www.proquest.com/docview/2138007705.

Boucher, Jack E., and Charles W. Shane. View of Arched Pier at the North End of the Bridge. - Brady Street Bridge, Spanning Monongahela River at South Twenty-Second Street, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, PA. after 1968, Historic American Engineering Record. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.pa0038.photos/?sp=9. Still image.

Boyd, Herb. “Interview with August Wilson.” Conversations with August Wilson, edited by Jackson R. Bryer and Mary C. Hartig, U of Mississippi, 2006, p. 236.

Brantley, Ben. “THEATER: The World That Created August Wilson.” New York Times, 5 Feb. 1995, p. 1.

Brenner, Robert. “Playwright’s Hear Is in Pittsburgh.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 19 July 1982, https://www.proquest.com/docview/1859990275.

Burbank, Sergei. “The Shattered Mirror: What August Wilson Means and Willed to Mean.” College Literature, vol. 36, no. 2, Spring 2009, pp. 117–29, https://doi.org/10.1353/lit.0.0045.

Camerafiend. Annex Building at Former Gladstone School, Hazelwood, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. 20 Dec. 2023. Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gladstone_School_Annex_Hazelwood_Pittsburgh.jpg. Still image.

Campbell, Mary Schmidt. “The Prevalence of Ritual: On Romare Bearden’s Projections.” The Paris Review, Sept. 2018, https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/09/06/the-prevalence-of-ritual-on-romare-beardens-projections.

Cbaile19. Abandoned Carnegie Library Branch (1890) in Hazelwood Neighborhood of Pittsburgh. 10 Aug. 2015. Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnegie_Library,_Hazelwood_Branch_(1890),_2015-08-20,_01.jpg. Photograph.

———. Auditorium and Soho Street Entrance, A. Leo Weil Elementary School, Hill District, Pittsburgh. 29 Aug. 2023. Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Auditorium_and_Soho_Street_entrance,_A._Leo_Weil_Elementary_School,_Hill_District,_Pittsburgh,_2023-08-29,_01.jpg. Photograph.

———. Letsche Elementary School, Bedford Avenue End, Hill District. 20 June 2015. Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Letsche_Elementary_School,_Bedford_Avenue_End,_Hill_District,_2015-06-20._01.jpg. Photograph.

“Charity Gets Police Reward: Officer Who Helped Capture Slayer Donates Share to Little Sisters of the Poor.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 24 Dec. 1931, p. 13.

Chow, Andrew R. “Ma Rainey Is Best Known as a Pioneer of the Blues. But She Broke More Than Musical Barriers.” Time Magazine, Dec. 2020, https://time.com/5923096/ma-rainey-true-story.

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Health Vital Statistics. “Certificate of Death: Fred A. Kittel.” 1 Apr. 1965. Pennsylvania, U.S., Death Certificates, 1906-1973, https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/collections/5164/records/14966867.

“Connelly Vocational High School.” The Trojan, 1955, pp. 2–3.

“Debate on Race and Politics in Theater.” Fresh Air, with Terry Gross, NPR, 27 Jan. 1997, https://www.freshairarchive.org/segments/debate-race-and-politics-theater.

“Ellis Hotel Grand Opening.” Pittsburgh Courier, 13 July 1957, p. 1.

“Ellis Hotel Ranks with Best from Coast to Coast.” Pittsburgh Courier, 15 Mar. 1952, p. 31.

“Ellis Hotel to Occupy Former Centre ‘YW’ Site.” Pittsburgh Courier, 12 Jan. 1957, p. 1.

Erin Street. Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1960, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.60108252.CP.

Evans, Everett. “A Central Wilson Character Comes to Life in the Gem.” Houston Chronicle/Chron., 20 Jan. 2008, https://www.chron.com/culture/main/article/a-central-wilson-character-comes-to-life-in-this-1577762.php.

Feingold, Michael. “August Wilson’s Bottomless Blackness.” Conversations with August Wilson, edited by Jackson R. Bryer and Mary C. Hartig, UP of Mississippi, 2006, pp. 12–18.

Felton, Julia. “Former Letsche Elementary School in Hill District to Be Converted to Mixed-Income Housing.” TribLive, 13 Dec. 2022, https://triblive.com/local/former-letsche-elementary-school-in-hill-district-to-be-converted-to-mixed-income-housing.

Fishman, Joan. “Developing His Song: August Wilson’s Fences.” August Wilson: A Casebook, edited by Ed Marilyn Elkins, Garland, 1994, pp. 161–81.

Freedman, Samuel G. “A Playwright Talks about the Blues.” New York Times, 13 Apr. 1984, p. 3.

———. “A Voice from the Streets.” The New York Times Magazine, 15 Mar. 1987, p. 1.

“From Mission to Personal Parish: The Story of Saint Benedict the Moor in Pittsburgh.” St. Benedict the Moor Church, https://sbtmparishpgh.com/history.

Gantt, Patricia M. “Putting Black Culture on Stage: August Wilson’s Pittsburgh Cycle.” College Literature, vol. 36, no. 2, 2009, pp. 1–25.

Glasco, Laurence. “Next Page: The Gem of the Hill District.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 25 Feb. 2007, https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/theater-dance/2007/02/25/Next-Page-The-Gem-of-the-Hill-District/stories/200702250181.

Glasco, Laurence A., and Christopher Rawson. August Wilson: Pittsburgh Places in His Life and Plays. Second, Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation, 2015.

“Grand Opening Renovated Ellis Hotel on Reed St.” Pittsburgh Courier, 14 Apr. 1951, p. 25.

Harpaz, Beth J. “Visiting ‘Fences’ in Pittsburgh: August Wilson’s Hill District.” The Denver Post, 2 Mar. 2017, https://www.denverpost.com/2017/03/02/visiting-fences-in-pittsburgh.

Harris, Charles "Teenie. ". 1400 Block of Wylie Avenue with Crampton’s Drugs, C. McEvoy Jewelers, Ambassador Restaurant, and Pat’s Place, Hill District. ca 1958, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://collection.carnegieart.org/objects/89971aed-8732-4793-b04b-7a3fad37e093. Black-and-white: Kodak safety film.

———. A. Leo Weil Elementary School Exterior View at 2250 Centre Avenue. ca 1950, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://collection.carnegieart.org/objects/72758360-158c-48a9-9ed3-a9f03a1f989a. Black-and-white: Kodak safety film.

———. Eddie’s Restaurant with Sign Inscribed “Fast Service – Meal a Minute – Spaghettis Our Specialty” 2172 Wylie Avenue, Hill District. ca 1964, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://collection.carnegieart.org/objects/0d25858a-99b0-46ec-ad1d-98ee61e759e8. Black-and-white: Kodak safety film.

Hartigan, Patti. August Wilson: A Life. Simon and Shuster, 2023.

Heard, Elisabeth J. “August Wilson on Playwriting: An Interview.” African American Review, vol. 35, no. 1, 2001, pp. 93–102, https://doi.org/10.2307/2903337.

Herrington, Joan. I Ain’t Sorry for Nothin’ I Done: August Wilson’s Process of Playwriting. Limelight, 1998.

Holbrook, Kyle. August Wilson. 2014, 2037 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh. Mural.

Johann, Susan. Focus on Playwrights: Portraits and Interviews, U of South Carolina P, 2016, pp. 24–28.

Joseph. Carnegie Library. 26 Feb. 2013. Flickr, https://www.flickr.com/photos/josepha/8510392439. Photograph.

Kachka, Boris. “Influences.” New York Magazine, Oct. 2004, https://nymag.com/nymetro/arts/theater/10176.

King, Erica L. 1712 Bedford Avenue. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

———. 1839 Red Door. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

———. 1839 Red Door, Street View. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

———. 1911 Wylie Avenue. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

———. August Wilson House. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

———. Back of August Wilson House. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

———. Bedford Avenue and Wandless Street. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

———. Bedford Avenue Facing Downtown from Roberts Street. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

———. Central Catholic High School. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

———. Erin Street. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

———. Flowers Avenue. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

———. Former Site of Holy Trinity School. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

———. Letsche Elementary Façade. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

———. Looking Northeast Side of Bedford Avenue from Corner of Manilla Street. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

———. View from 4738 Sylvan Avenue of Gladstone High School. July 2024, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Photograph.

Kondrick, Kathryn M. “Eddie’s Restaurant.” Clio: Your Guide to History, 27 Apr. 2020, https://theclio.com/entry/101060.

Koprince, Susan. “Baseball as History and Myth in August Wilson’s ‘Fences.’” African American Review, vol. 40, no. 2, 2006, pp. 349–58.

Lahr, John. “August Wilson Was the Great Chronicler of Black America. The New Yorker’s John Lahr Remembers the School Drop-out Who Wrote Standing up - with a Punchbag at His Side.” The Guardian, 7 Apr. 2008, p. 23.

———. “Been Here and Gone: How August Wilson Brought a Century of Black American Culture to the Stage.” The New Yorker, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/04/16/august-wilson-been-here-and-gone.

Lear, Bernadette A. “August Wilson.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2025, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Wilson__August.

Letzler, David. “Walking Around the Fences: Troy Maxson and the Ideology of ‘Going Down Swinging.’” African American Review, vol. 47, no. 2/3, 2014, pp. 301–12.

Livingston, Dinah. “Cool August: Mr. Wilson’s Red-Hot Blues.” Conversations with August Wilson, edited by Jackson R. Bryer and Mary C. Hartig, UP of Mississippi, 2006, pp. 38–60.

“Lower Hill.” Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), https://www.ura.org/pages/lower-hill. 

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“‘Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom’ Shines A Light on August Wilson’s Vision.” Morning Edition, directed by Tom Vitale, NPR, 18 Dec. 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/12/18/947649431/ma-raineys-black-bottom-shines-a-light-on-august-wilsons-vision.

Malehorn, David E. “The Library: A Garden for Growing Minds...” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 9 Oct. 2011, p. B7.

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“Max Roach -Shangri-La Lounge.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 9 Mar. 1959, p. 22.

McKay, Claude. Home to Harlem. Northeastern UP, 1987.

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McKinnon, Jim. “Officials Shut Down Ellis Hotel After Fire.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 13 Feb. 1995, p. 9.

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Mitgang, Herbert. “Wilson, from Poetry to Broadway Success: ‘Ma Rainey’s’ Is First Hit for Author.” New York Times, 22 Oct. 1984, p. C15.

Norman, Tony. “Demolition Leaves Artist Scavenging for Answers.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 24 Sept. 2002, p. 11.

“Obituary for Daisy Kittel.” The Pittsburgh Press, 17 Mar. 1983, p. 40.

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———. “Mr. Wilson and Mr. Jones.” The New Yorker, Mar. 1987, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1987/04/06/mr-wilson-and-mr-jones.

“Over 65 Race Volumes by White-Colored Authors in Wylie Avenue Library: Education for Asking, Public Urged to Mike Use of Free Institution.” Pittsburgh Courier, 29 Dec. 1923, p. 4.

“Overlooked No More: Ma Rainey, the ’Mother of the Blues.” The New York Times, 12 June 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/12/obituaries/ma-rainey-overlooked.html

Parke, Aubrey. “Robert Penny.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2022, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Penny_Robert.

Pittsburgh City Planning Commission. Bedford Avenue from Crawford Street. 1953, City Planning Department Library Collection. Pittsburgh City Archives, https://digitalarchives.powerlibrary.org/papd. Still image.

———. Photo #51. Looking Northeast Side of Bedford Ave. from Cor. of Manilla St. City Planning Department Library Collection. Pittsburgh City Archives, https://digitalarchives.powerlibrary.org/papd. Still image.

———. Photo #57. Looking Northeast toward Northwest Side of Bedford Ave. from Cor. of Crawford St. City Planning Department Library Collection. Pittsburgh City Archives, https://digitalarchives.powerlibrary.org/papd. Still image.

Pittsburgh (Pa.) City Photographer. Dwelling Destruction. 2 Jan. 1957, Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2000. U of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.57990889.CP. Still image.

———. Hazelwood Street Scene. 2 July 1957, Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2000. U of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.57100825.CP. Still image.

———. Lower Hill Razing. 2 Jan. 1957, Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2000. U of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.57990887.CP. Still image.

———. Man Standing Near a Storefront. 30 Apr. 1954, Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2000. U of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.5184900.CP. Still image.

———. Redevelopment. Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1952, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.5287061.CP.

———. Wylie Avenue at Erin Street. 8 Mar. 1965, Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2000. U of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.116057_11.CP, Still image.

Pittsburgh (Pa.) Department of City Planning. Sheet No. 2. Cartographic. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1 Jan. 1928, City of Pittsburgh Geodetic and Topographic Survey Maps. University of Pittsburgh, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A002e1928

———. Sheet No. 10 Revised. Cartographic. Revis, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1 Jan. 1959, City of Pittsburgh Geodetic and Topographic Survey Maps. University of Pittsburgh, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A010r1959.

Rangel, Hon. Charles B. “The Life and Legacy of August Wilson.” Congressional Record, 2005, United States Congress House of Representatives, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2005-pt17/html/CRECB-2005-pt17-Pg22724-2.htm.

Rawson, Christopher. “August Wilson 1945-2005; Pittsburgh Playwright Who Chronicles Black Experience Pulitzer Prize-Winner Succumbs to Liver Cancer at 60 in Seattle, ‘Surrounded by His Loved Ones.’” Pittsburgh Post - Gazette, 3 Oct. 2005, p. A-1. Obituary.

———. “August Wilson Helps Library Turn 100.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 20 Mar. 1999.

———. “August Wilson: Pittsburgh Playwright Who Chronicled Black Experience; Pulitzer Prize-Winner Succumbs to Liver Cancer at 60 in Seattle, ‘Surrounded by His Loved Ones.’” Blue Gold & Black, 2006, pp. 198–203.

———. “The Power Behind the Plays.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 6 June 1999, p. G7.

Reynolds, Christopher. “Mr. Wilson’s Neighborhood.” Los Angeles Times, 27 July 2003, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jul-27-ca-reynolds27-story.html.

Rich, Frank. “Theater: Family Ties in Wilson’s Fences.” New York Times, 27 Mar. 1987, p. C3.

Rotstein, Gary. “Green Book Steered Black Motorists to the Hill.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2019, p. E1.

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Shane, Charles W. View Looking from the Southwest – Brady Street Bridge, Spanning Monongahela River at South Twenty-Second Street, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, PA. Apr. 1970, Historic American Engineering Record. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.pa0038.photos/?sp=5. Still image.

Shannon, Sandra G. “Blues, History, and Dramaturgy: An Interview with August Wilson.” African American Review, vol. 27, no. 4, 1993, pp. 539–59, https://doi.org/10.2307/3041887.

———. “The Fences They Build: August Wilson’s Depiction of African-American Women.” Obsidian II, vol. 6, no. 2, 1991, pp. 1–17.

———. August Wilson Explains His Dramatic Vision: An Interview," Conversations with August Wilson, edited by Jackson R. Bryer and Mary C. Hartig, UP of Mississippi, 2006, pp. 118–54.

———. The Dramatic Vision of August Wilson, Howard UP, 1995, pp. 91–92.

Shirey, Trevin. St. Benedict the Moor Church (Pittsburgh). 30 Dec. 2008. Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St._Benedict_the_Moor_Church_(Pittsburgh).jpg. Photograph.

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“The Amistad Case.” National Archives: Educator Resources, 2 June 2021, https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/amistad.

The August Wilson Archive – Sala Udin. YouTube, https://youtu.be/eKtS-_pX7-M.

“The Drama Desk.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 9 Oct. 1959, p. 11.

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“Turrentine Blowing at the Ellis Hotel.” Pittsburgh Courier, 29 Dec. 1956, p. 16.

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Urban Redevelopment Authority Pittsburgh. Downtown and Hill District Aerial Photograph. ca 1954, Melvin Seidenberg Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A20191021-hpichswp-0094. Aerial photograph.

U.S. Department of State. “The Amistad Case, 1839.” Office of the Historian, Shared Knowledge Services, Bureau of Administration, 1839, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/amistad.

Wallington, Dennis. “Hurdling Fences.” Conversations with August Wilson, edited by Jackson R. Bryer and Mary C. Hartig, UP of Mississippi, 2006, pp. 81–89.

Wardi, Anissa Janine. “From 1727 Bedford Street to 1839 Wylie Avenue: Home in August Wilson’s Pittsburgh Cycle.” University of Toronto Quarterly, vol. 82, no. 1, 2013, pp. 44–61, https://doi.org/10.1353/utq.2013.0002.

Watson, Walter Ray, Jr. “Playwright Gears Up for Broadway.” New Pittsburgh Courier, 22 Nov. 1986, p. 6.

Whitaker, Charles. “Is August Wilson America’s Greatest Playwright?” Ebony, Sept. 2001, pp. 80–90.

Wilson, August. A World of Ideas: Playwright August Wilson. WNET, 7 Dec. 2011. Vimeo, https://vimeo.com/33300464.

———. “American Histories: Chasing Dreams and Nightmares; Sailing the Stream of Black Culture.” The New York Times, 23 Apr. 2000, p. 1-2.

———. “Feed Your Mind, the Rest Will Follow.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 28 Mar. 1999, p. 21.

———. Fences. Plume, 1986.

———. “Forward.” Speak My Name: Black Men on Masculinity and the American Dream, edited by Don Belton, Beacon Press, 1997, p. xi.

———. Gem of the Ocean. Theatre Communications Group, 2007.

———. How I Learned What I Learned. Samuel French, 2018.

———. “‘I Want a Black Director.’” New York Times, 26 Sept. 1990, p. 25.

———. Jitney. Overlook, 2003.

———. Joe Turner’s Come and Gone. Plume, 1988.

———. King Hedley II. Theatre Communications Group, 2005.

———. Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom. Plume, 1985.

———. Radio Golf. Theatre Communications Group, 2007.

———. Seven Guitars. Plume, 1997.

———. “The Ground on Which I Stand.” Speech. Princeton U, Theatre Communications Group national conference, Princeton U, https://www.americantheatre.org/2016/06/20/the-ground-on-which-i-stand/.

———. The Piano Lesson. Plume, 1990.

———. Two Trains Running. Plume, 1992.

Wolfe, Peter. “August Wilson.” Twayne, 1999.